Factors affecting the timing accuracy of mechanical clocks are generally considered to have the following eight factors that affect the timing accuracy of mechanical clocks:
External influence
It is the various influences from the outside of the clock, depending on the working environment of the clock. Commonly used measures include: shockproof design, waterproof design, anti-magnetic design, and additional protective casing. Universal joints are often used on precision nautical clocks to keep the nautical clock level in bumps.
Friction
Friction usually has both positive and negative effects. It has a positive aspect, such as friction wheel, friction between automatic spring and barrel, self-locking of screws, etc. On the other hand, friction will lead to lower transmission efficiency. And the wear of the parts, thus affecting the timing. Commonly used solutions: improve lubrication conditions, choose different lubricants according to different requirements; use jewel bearings or gaskets; improve gear tooth surface conditions, including scientific conjugate tooth shape and improve surface finish, etc. The tooth surface is not lubricated (in this case, the resistance of the lubricating oil may be higher than the friction).
Fast and slow needle
The fast and slow needle is an economic structure that is easy to time. However, both theory and practice have confirmed that it will affect the isochronism of the system, and it may also produce a difference. These timing errors are relatively random and cannot be compensated or offset. The solution is to minimize the distance between the inner and outer needles; but the best way is to adjust the speed of the balance by adjusting the inertia of the balance, such as Rolex's Mircrostella adjustment system.
Escapement
The influence of the escapement mechanism is mainly the influence on the balance spring system during the energy transfer process. The balance spring system can maintain a fixed oscillation frequency only under the condition of free vibration. Obviously, the energy transfer process of the escapement will affect Oscillation frequency. The theory shows that this effect is reduced when the transfer process is close to the balance of the balance. The solution is: using a precision escapement, such as the claw escapement (Detentescapement), its energy transfer process occurs near the equilibrium point, the angle of the transfer is also very small, the impact is relatively small, and its one-way The pass makes the balance spring system more free to oscillate (in this case, the relative error can be reduced by half!). Of course, the Swiss lever escapement has the advantages of good craftsmanship and easy adjustment. It is the main escapement of the international mechanical watch, but in the design, the angle of the transfer should be minimized. In order to reduce the impact of the escapement on the timing reference, the Swiss Omega Company introduced the coaxial escapement, which was the invention of Dr. George Daniel of the United Kingdom, but from the working principle, it is a lever escapement and a claw-type escapement. a mixture of longitudinal mechanisms.
Temperature effect
The influence of temperature is mainly manifested in two aspects: firstly, the temperature change will change the working length of the hairspring, and at the same time change the inertia of the balance wheel, which can directly affect the timing accuracy. Secondly, the temperature change will affect the viscosity of the lubricating oil and affect the transmission efficiency. Influence timing. The following methods can be adopted: an open bimetal temperature-compensated balance spring system; a special alloy material is used to make the balance spring and the balance wheel to have a certain temperature compensation in the working temperature range (8°-38°); Needle temperature compensation. Standard lubricants are used for extreme temperature conditions, such as Omega's lunar calendar, with no lubrication or solid lubrication.
magnetic field
The hairspring with the most influence of the magnetic field can change its elastic modulus, and also deform the hairspring under the action of the magnetic field to generate additional stress. In severe cases, the magnetic field can cause the hairspring to stick and seriously affect the travel time. The solution is to use anti-magnetic materials.
Hair balance
In general, the center of the ball is changed with the change of the swing angle of the balance wheel. Under the action of gravity, it will produce a position error. The solution is: using Baodi hairspring, the center shrinks, the center of gravity does not change with the swing angle; the cylindrical hairspring with Phillips end curve is used symmetrically up and down; using a straight hairspring; some people have used spherical hairspring in history, the performance is superior, but the craftsmanship is poor. Very few practical applications.
Balance balance
The balance problem of the balance component directly affects the bit difference, and the static balance of the balance component is a basic requirement.
If the above factors are ideal, the watch's travel time is relatively stable, and the dynamic balance of the watch can comprehensively improve the travel performance. There is a very special method: the principle is that when the balance swings to 220 degrees, the various impulses transmitted to the balance have no effect on the frequency. Someone used the balance mechanism mounted on the escape wheel to control the pendulum. The width is around 220, which is also a method.
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