Chen Xingcan, director of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences:
Jade is a distinctive feature of ancient Chinese culture that is different from ancient cultures in other regions.
China is the kingdom of jade. If the jade from the Xinglong Culture is unearthed, the history of Chinese jade has lasted for seven or eight thousand years. In a sense, jade is a distinctive feature of ancient Chinese culture that is different from ancient cultures in other regions. There are three places in the world known for the production of jade, namely China, Central America and New Zealand, but China has the longest duration and the widest distribution. Mr. Xia Nai mainly based unearthed jade tomb of Fu Hao, the Shang Dynasty jade into "Li Yu", weapons and tools, ornaments three categories.
Jade Xia and Shang Dynasties The Jinsha Site Museum in Chengdu on display, there are several notable features. First, the basic science over the years are unearthed jade; second, in addition to narrow the Central Plains (Taosi, two inside, to spend the mouth and tomb of Fu Hao) area, also northwest (Xinhua and Shimao), Yellow downstream areas (Su Tuen port and forefoot large) and jade many ruins of the Yangtze River (Oceania and Sanxingdui) put together; third, in addition to jade, jade with a few other items such as ritual closely related with the stone, turquoise is , bronze, etc., also show together; fourth, jade different regions, are nothing more than the three jade: "Li Yu", weapons and tools, decorations. The jade different regions, different times on the show together, can be seen more clearly since the late Neolithic increasingly close interaction between the various areas of cultural relations. This relationship reached a new peak during the Xia and Shang dynasties. The comparability of jade articles in various types, crafts and patterns is the result of continuous exchanges and interactions in various regions since the early Neolithic era. A distinctive feature of ancient Chinese culture is fully reflected here.
Yang Jing, a researcher at the Palace Museum:
The function of Shangyu Yuxi varies according to the orientation of the handle
"Said Wen Jie Zi" said: "Hey, hey also." "Poetry Daya" Chuanyun: "Hey, axe also." Ancient philosophers from the Oracle's glyph evolution and the proof of the two aspects of the identification: 戚 is a kind Special form of sputum, that is, ridges with dentate ridges on both sides. Therefore, as a special type of jade, jade has always been regarded as a short weapon of ceremonial history in the history of ancient weapons. This understanding has almost become a conclusion. However, the archaeological findings in recent years have provided a lot of new materials for the jade, which makes it possible to re-examine the function of the jade.
The merchants' jade, concentrated in the Yinxu area of ​​Anyang, Henan Province, also had some sporadic discoveries in Zhengzhou Mall in Henan, Luoshan Zhang and Sichuan Jinsha in Sichuan, and Wuhan Panlong City in Hubei. The shape of the jade can be roughly classified into a rectangular shape (including a square shape) and a scorpion shape. Judging from the shape characteristics and the excavation position, the handle of the jade must have two modes: horizontal and vertical: the lateral handle, that is, the upper end side of the handle is connected with the body to make the edge facing one side; That is, the top end of the handle is connected to the body so that the edge is facing upward.
On the basis of systematically combing the jade data, it can be presumed that the jade of the horizontal handle should belong to the ceremonial short weapon, and the jade of the longitudinal handle should belong to the ceremonial long weapon, and the jade that does not have the handle should be A ritual device.
Zhu Naicheng, Research Fellow, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences:
Sanxingdui and Jinsha jade culture is the continuation and development of Xia Shangyu culture in ancient times
Through the analysis of Sanxingdui jade and Jinsha jade, it can be seen that the general feature of its jade culture is the continuation and development of Xia Shang jade and jade culture in the southwestern ancient country. Its main performance can be summarized into three aspects: first, inheriting the tradition of Xia Shang jade and jade culture; second, it has produced a large number of new jade articles suitable for the development of civilized society in ancient Shu Kingdom; third, jade articles in sacrificial activities The use of the medium is unprecedented.
In the Sanxingdui and Jinsha jade articles, as the ritual supplies and ceremonial utensils, the gums and gums are shaped differently and the number is unprecedented. It shows that the jade plays an important role in the sacrificial activities at that time. However, the gums were originally characteristic jade articles of the Xia Dynasty. This characteristic jade of the Xia Dynasty was not inherited by the Shang Dynasty, but it was flourishing in the ancient civilization of the ancient Shu Kingdom represented by Sanxingdui and Jinsha in the western part of Sichuan. The process of the gums spreading to the Chengdu Plain is not only the spread of the gums themselves, but also the migration of a group of Erlitou culture.
Deng Shuping, researcher at the National Palace Museum in Taipei:
The jade culture of the Xia and Jin Dynasties and Plateaus reflects the blending of East China and West China jade culture.
Four thousand years before the appearance of the Xia Dynasty, the geographical differences between the East China and West China jade cultures have been formed. The ancestors of East China worship the animal elves. They use the jade to sculpt the shapes and patterns of the imaginary gods as the communicators and gods. The ancestors of Huaxi observe the changes of the sky, the change of the summer and the heat, the rotation of the day and night, and the glory of the plants. Later, the development of the "sky-filled place" of the cosmology and "the same kind of sensation" philosophy, they carved the jade carving into a light, round, square, used as a ritual instrument to sense the ancestors of the gods.
The principle of Shanxi-Shaan-Gao is located in the easternmost part of Guanghua West China. It is a cultural exchange area between Huaxi and East China. The jade artifacts unearthed belong to the Xia Dynasty. Therefore, its jade shows four faces: first, similar to Qijia culture. The second is to create a jade that combines the elements of both sides of the East and West, and imitate the East China and Huaxi jade cultures with a round tampering to produce the imitation of East China's gingiva and imitation of Huaxi ç’§; third, good at using jade to make killing The jade weapon with strong cutting power - gums, long knives, etc.; fourth, is the westward advance of figurative and abstract "Huadong-style gods", suggesting the migration of the ancient Dongyi family.
During the Xia Dynasty, the jade culture of the Shanxi-Shaanxi Plateau was both an blending and innovative, and an important development period and development area for the ancient jade culture in China.
Wang Yi, curator of Chengdu Jinsha Site Museum:
Xia Shang jade and jade culture have extremely close ties with the ancient kingdom
Chinese jade and jade culture have gone through a long history of 8,000 years with the footsteps of history. In the Neolithic Age, jade was the messenger of communication between the heavens and the earth; in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, jade was integrated into the national ritual and music system; after the Qin and Han dynasties, jade became a symbol of self-cultivation. In various historical periods, although jade presents different characteristics and meanings of the times, it is closely linked with the main line of development of Chinese civilization and Chinese culture, and has become an important way to study the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization.
During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the national system of the Central Plains gradually formed a system, and the social form changed dramatically. The royal power and the military regime replaced the Witch God's rights and became the core component of national politics. The jade articles of the Xia and Shang Dynasties obviously absorbed the essence of the Jade Culture of the Neolithic Age, and formed a jade ritual group mainly composed of weapons and rituals. These exquisite jade articles were not only the representative and symbol of social religious thoughts and etiquette norms at that time, but also The concentrated expression of handicraft technology, aesthetic consciousness and the spirit of the times is the second peak in the history of Chinese jade culture.
Xia Shang jade and jade culture have extremely close ties with the ancient kingdom. The jade, jade, jade, jade and jade, which were unearthed in the remains of the Sanxingdui site and the Jinsha site, were obviously affected by the Xia Shang culture of the Central Plains. From the analysis of the shape, quantity and age of jade, you can feel the profound cultural connection hidden behind it. The gums are one of the most important jade rituals in the Xia period. In the Shang and Xizhou periods, the Central Plains area has declined, but it has been promoted and played in the ancient civilization of the Chengdu Plain, represented by Sanxingdui and Jinsha. Yuxi has been widely used in the ancient ritual system of the ancient Shu culture, and it has been preserved for a long time. The Yuhuan has even become a representative factor of the ancient Shu culture and exerted influence on the surrounding areas, so that it may spread to China's Guangdong and Guangxi, northern Vietnam and other places. It can be seen that jade plays an important role in the exchanges between the original text and the surrounding civilizations. This provides a special perspective for us to understand the formation of Chinese civilization and the status and role of ancient civilization in Chinese civilization.
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