Antibacterial finishing agent and sanitary finishing process

Antibacterial finishing agent and sanitary finishing process

Antibacterial finishing agent and sanitary finishing process

I. Overview
Antibacterial hygiene finishing technology is an edge discipline that involves a wide range of subjects, including dyeing and finishing, chemical engineering, medicine, microbiology and many other disciplines. This technology applies antibacterial finishing agents to textiles and provides different levels of antibacterial function to the fabric. Antimicrobial agents used in antibacterial finishing vary in many respects, including their own chemistry, methods of use, mode of action, impact on humans and the environment, as well as persistence, cost and how it differs on different fibers. The action of microorganisms, etc.
There are many kinds of antibacterial agents. According to statistics, the global antibacterial agent market has an annual growth rate of about 10-12%. The ratio of the natural antibacterial agent to the total antibacterial agent is about 10%. The global antibacterial agent market is currently about $12 billion, of which the US antibacterial market is about $2 billion.
1. The concept of antibacterial finishing agent
Antibacterial agents generally refer to drugs used in living tissue control of microorganisms. It differs from the commonly used chemicals (disinfectants, sterilants, etc.) for microbial control on inanimate objects. The antibacterial agent has the characteristics of low irritation, low concentration and toxicity, mild action, and the like, and does not cause an allergic reaction. The main difference between it and disinfectant is that the antibacterial agent is mainly used to inhibit or hinder the growth, reproduction and activity of microorganisms, and has a certain killing effect, and is mostly used on the surface of living tissues. The latter is mainly used to remove or kill pathogenic microorganisms on the surface of inactive objects to meet the requirements of disinfection or sterilization. A sterilizing agent is a preparation that can kill all microorganisms (including bacterial spores) to achieve sterilization requirements.
Japan's "Fiber Products Sanitation Processing Association" (SEK) requires that the acute oral toxicity of antibacterial agents to more than two small animals is greater than 1000 mg/kg, and the Ames test results are negative. Skin irritation according to the test method of the Japan Industrial Skin Hygiene Association The test result should be negative.
Common antibacterial agents can generally be divided into three categories, namely organic, inorganic and natural. Each antibacterial agent has its own advantages and disadvantages. Organic antibacterial agents have good effects and many varieties. They are the most widely used antibacterial agents, but they have problems such as poor high temperature stability and are difficult to be used in synthetic fiber spinning processes. Natural antibacterial agents, such as certain bactericidal plants, Minerals, their application range is narrow, most of them seriously affect the color shade of fabrics; inorganic antibacterial agents have good heat resistance, but it is difficult to obtain durable effects for textile finishing, and most varieties have toxicity problems of heavy metals.
2, the ideal characteristics of antibacterial finishing agent [7]
At present, the requirements for antibacterial textiles mainly include: high-efficiency and broad-spectrum antibacterial ability; long-lasting antibacterial effect, washing resistance, wear resistance, long life; heat resistance, sunlight resistance, non-decomposition failure, softness, moisture permeability, and good comfort. Safe to use, harmless to health, and will not pollute the environment.
The ideal characteristics of antibacterial finishing agents are:
(1) Highly effective antibacterial
In general, fibers and fabrics are required to have an antibacterial agent content of less than 3% to ensure that the fibers and fabrics have a significant effect of killing and inhibiting microorganisms.
(2) Broad spectrum
That is, it has an inhibitory or killing effect on various microorganisms including bacteria, molds, viruses and yeasts.
(3) High security
Safety requires that the antibacterial agent itself is non-toxic, non-irritating to skin and allergic, and does not cause any adverse effects to the user; it is environmentally friendly, and does not pollute the environment as much as possible during use and use. In the safety evaluation of antibacterial agents, acute toxicity indicators are the most important, such as LD50 (half lethal dose), stimulation of skin, mucous membranes and eyes. In addition to acute toxicity, the chronic toxicity of antibacterial agents for textiles should also be given sufficient attention.
(4) Good durability
It is resistant to washing, dry cleaning, etc. and has durability.
(5) The addition of antibacterial agent will not adversely affect the conventional properties of textiles, and will not damage the fibers and fabrics, so that the fabric has good gas permeability, does not cause discoloration of the fabric, does not affect the whiteness of the fabric, and is in storage and Good stability during use.
(6) The processing method is simple, the price is cheap, and the cost is low.
(7) Compatibility with other finishing agents.
3. Mechanism and method of antibacterial finishing agent
Different antibacterial finishing agents have different antibacterial mechanisms and modes of action. The mechanism of action is mainly the following: [8]
(1) inactivating various metabolic enzymes in the bacterial cells to kill the bacteria;
(2) chemical reaction with intracellular proteases, destroying its function;
(3) inhibiting spore growth, blocking DNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth;
(4) greatly accelerate the phosphoric acid redox system and disrupt the normal growth system of cells;
(5) destroying the energy release system in the cell;
(6) hindering the formation of electron transfer systems and amino acid transesterification;
(7) Others.
The bactericidal action mode of some antibacterial finishing agents is mainly as follows:
Table 6. Antibacterial action patterns of some antibacterial agents [9]
Bactericidal action
Compound name
Affect respiratory system
Oxidative phosphorylation
Halogenated phenol, nitrophenol, tetrachloro-2trifluoromethylbenzimidazole, salicylanilide
Destruction-SH base
Trichloromethylsulfide compound, tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, naphthalene, isothiocyanate, tin compound, copper compound
Affect DNA replication
Benzimidazole compound, methyl thiophene
Affecting electronic delivery systems
Nitroguanidine, carnation, sulfurized phenol
Destructive membrane action
Destruction of cell wall synthesis system
Halogenated phenol, alkylphenol, nitrophenol, paraben, isothiocyanate
Destroy cell wall and plasma membrane
Quaternary ammonium salt, aliphatic amine, imidazole
Generally, antibacterial finishing agents can be used in two ways: one is a traditional release type antibacterial agent, which reacts with microorganisms after leaving the textile; the other is a non-traditional antibacterial agent which combines with the fabric in a molecular state, using electrons. The way of adsorption (biochemical reactions of cell membranes) kills the microorganisms that are in contact with them. [10]
Release-type antibacterial agents often have irregular wear and tear during use. Some companies apply release-type technology to fibers and reduce the release rate in order to extend the life of the antimicrobial agent, or even add them to the zirconium phosphate layer. In the structure or in glass ceramics. Regardless of whether the release-type antimicrobial agent is incorporated into the fiber, placed in the fixing agent, or simply added to the fabric, their functions are the same. Within a certain period of time, a certain amount of the drug is released, thereby killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
Another antibacterial finishing technique is to use a positive charge (cation) carried by the antibacterial agent molecule to produce a bactericidal action. It covers the surface of the fabric in a physical way and does not enter the skin's protective layer, so it does not affect the skin's often bacteria.
4, antibacterial hygiene finishing process
Antibacterial finishing processing is a method of applying antibacterial agent to fibers and fixing them in textiles by dipping, padding, coating or spraying in the process of textile printing and finishing.
From the mechanism point of view, the post-treatment processing method of antibacterial fiber can be divided into four types:
l Reactive resin heat-fixes the antimicrobial agent to the fiber
l Fix the antibacterial agent on the fabric with the film-forming substance as the medium
l Antibacterial agent adsorbed to fiber
l The functional groups of the fiber react with the reactive groups on the antibacterial agent to form a strong chemical bond, which makes the antibacterial agent and fiber integrated.
The representative antibacterial finishing processing method is roughly as follows:
1) A method of thermally fixing an antibacterial agent to a fabric using a reactive resin as a medium.
The processing method is to treat the fabric with an antibacterial agent, and the antibacterial agent is thermally fixed in the fabric under the action of a reactive resin.
For example, in a micronized chitosan aqueous solution, a film-forming reactive resin is mixed and attached to the surface of a nylon or polyester fiber fabric by any one of a spray method, a padding method, or a coating method. The heat treatment is carried out at 130 ° C - 180 ° C for 0.5 - 3 minutes to thermally fix the antibacterial agent on the surface of the fiber. Representative products manufactured by this processing method are Nonstack of Japan, and Sanityze of the county.
2) A method in which an antibacterial agent is adsorbed and fixed on a fiber surface.
For example, in the reduction washing or soaping operation after dyeing of polyester fabric, the fabric is immersed in 0.05% (V/V) 1,1-hexamethylene-bis[5-(4-chloro) heated to 50-100 °C. In the phenyl) biguanide] dihydrochloride solution, the treatment is carried out for 15-60 minutes, and after dehydration, the drying step is carried out to adsorb and fix the antibacterial agent on the surface of the fiber. Representative products manufactured by this processing method are "Odoiute" of Naigai and "Sandaulon SSN" dyed by Japanese silk.
3) A method in which a dealcoholization reaction is carried out between a trimethoxy group of a silicone-based quaternary ammonium salt and a hydroxyl group on the surface of the fiber to fix the antibacterial agent on the fiber.
The processing method is to fix the antibacterial agent on the fiber by generating a covalent bond between the hydroxyl group on the surface of the fiber and the trimethoxy group of the silicone-based quaternary ammonium salt.
For example, a silicone quaternary ammonium salt (e.g., JLSUN(R) SCJ-877) is treated with a dipping method and a padding method to treat the surface of the cotton fabric, and after drying at 80 ° C to 120 ° C, moisture and methanol (or ethanol) are removed. In this operation, the antibacterial agent component is dispersed in water to decompose the trimethoxy group, and the surface of the fiber forms a covalent bond with the oxygen atom in the antibacterial agent component, and at the same time, the silicone reactive resin is graft-copolymerized to form a very strong film. To make the antibacterial agent heat-fixed. Representative products manufactured by this processing method include Biosil of Toyobo, milaklset of Daiwa, and Cransil of Kurashiki.
4) A method of attaching metal to the surface of a fiber by sputtering.
Since Grove discovered splashing in 1852, it has been used to make films. The sputtering method includes a two-pole DC sputtering method, a high-frequency sputtering method, a magnetron sputtering method, and a reactive sputtering method.
For example, the polyester taffeta is thoroughly washed with a detergent and then dried, and then the sample is placed in a cylindrical container of the magnetron device, and the pressure in the vacuum device is started to be reduced to 1*10-3 Pa after the DC. The voltage was discharged at 100-1000 volts for 30 minutes to remove impurities adhering to the surface of the target (silver, copper). Next, the cylinder rotation speed was set to 10 rpm, and the cooling water was circulated at 18 ° C to perform a predetermined time (12-120 seconds) of sputtering while controlling the temperature of the target. Products manufactured by this processing method have not yet been commercialized.
[China Antibacterial Fabric Network ]
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